Reiten als Sport
Reiten gehört zu den beliebtesten Sportarten in Deutschland. Es ist eine Life-time-Sportart, deren Besonderheit im Miteinander mit dem Lebewesen Pferd liegt. Die Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung hat ca. 680 000 Mitglieder und ist der größte Pferdesportverband der Welt. Im DOSB rangieren die Reiter an Stelle 8 der mitgliederstärksten Verbände. Interesse am Pferdesport äußern aber deutlich mehr Menschen, nämlich knapp 4 Millionen.
Darüber hinaus stellt das Pferd einen bedeutenden Wirtschaftsfaktor dar. Jährlich werden etwa 3.000 Turniere in Deutschland veranstaltet mit ca. 60 Prozent Springprüfungen und ca. 30 Prozent Dressurprüfungen. In der gesamten Bundesrepublik gibt es etwa 1,3 Millionen Pferde.
Spezielle Faktoren und Besonderheiten
Reiten wird zu rund 80 Prozent von Mädchen und Frauen betrieben. Das hat natürlich Einfluss auf das Verletzungsgeschehen. Auch finden sich teilweise große Unterschiede bei den verschiedenen Reitsportdisziplinen. Neben Springen und Dressur werden Eventing (Vielseitigkeit), Fahren, Voltigieren, Reining (Westernreiten), Distanzreiten, der Para-Pferdesport für Menschen mit Behinderung und Spezialreitweisen betrieben.
Betrachtet man verschiedene Unfallstatistiken auf nationaler oder internationaler Bestandserhebung, findet sich der Reitsport stets unter den besonders verletzungsträchtigen Sportarten. Das liegt nicht zuletzt daran, dass das Pferd ein Fluchttier ist, welches in Schreckmomenten sein Heil im Davonstürmen sucht. Pferde wiegen zwischen 400 und 800 Kilogramm und erreichen im Galopp eine Geschwindigkeit bis zu 65 Kilometern pro Stunde.
Eine der herausragenden Besonderheiten dieser Sportart ist, dass man es nicht mit einem Sportgerät zu tun hat, sondern mit einem Lebewesen, das täglich anders reagieren kann und auch mal seine Launen hat. Gefahrenträchtig ist aber nicht nur das Reiten auf dem Pferd selbst. Auch der Umgang mit dem Pferd führt zu immerhin einem Drittel der Unfälle.
Unfälle und Traumata
Jährlich passieren rund 40.000 Reitsportunfälle in Deutschland, die eine ärztliche Behandlung zur Folge haben. Die Inzidenz tödlicher Reitunfälle beträgt 1 auf 10.000 Reiter pro Jahr. Während bei Frauen Reiten an erster Stelle der Todesfallstatistiken steht, weil so viel mehr Frauen reiten als Männer, steht es bei Männern erst an Stelle 11. Es sterben aber deutlich mehr Männer bei diesem Sport als Frauen.
Da Reiten eine eher mäßige kardiopulmonale Ausdauerleistung erfordert, spielen kardiovaskulär-bedingte Todesfälle beim Reiten keinerlei Rolle. Auch finden die meisten Unfälle nicht bei professionellen Reitern statt, sondern im Freizeitbereich.
Hier spielt, wie bei den meisten anderen Sportarten auch, die Erfahrung und die Routine eine große Rolle. In Großbritannien wird besonders mit Kindern der Ponysport viel intensiver durchgeführt als in Deutschland. Daher unterscheiden sich Unfallstatistiken bezüglich des Verhältnisses Großpferd / Pony länderbezogen teils sehr deutlich. In Deutschland sind ganz überwiegend Großpferde bei Unfällen beteiligt.
Auslöser und Ursachen
Die Unfälle beim Umgang mit dem Pferd entstehen durch Ausschlagen des Pferdes, aber auch durch Bisse, Treten des oft mit Hufeisen beschlagenen Pferdehufes auf den menschlichen Fuß oder durch Quetschungen.
Mit rund 40 Prozent machen Frakturen einen großen Anteil aus, gefolgt von Kontusionen und Distorsionen. In über 80 Prozent ist nur eine Körperregion betroffen.
Beim Reiten selbst müssen Stürze vom Pferd und Stürze mit dem Pferd differenziert werden. Am Folgeschwersten sind oft die sogenannten Rotationsstürze, bei denen das Pferd auf den Reiter fällt. Die dabei entstehenden Kräfte führen häufig zu schwersten Verletzungen oft mit letalen Folgen.
Art der Verletzungen und Prävention
Betrachtet man die betroffenen Körperregionen, finden die meisten Verletzungen am Kopf statt. Gerade Kinder sind besonders für Kopfverletzungen gefährdet, da der Kinderkopf auf der Höhe des austretenden Pferdehufes liegt.
Umso entscheidender ist, beim Reiten, aber auch beim Umgang mit dem Pferd einen Helm zu tragen, der für den Pferdesport zertifiziert ist. Das Tragen eines solchen Helmes reduziert die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Schädel-Hirnverletzungen um mehr als die Hälfte.
Interessanterweise spielen Kopfverletzungen beim Voltigieren (Turnen am Pferd) keine Rolle, obwohl dabei kein Kopfschutz getragen wird.
Die am zweit-häufigsten betroffene Körperregion ist die obere Extremität, da die Arme beim Sturz zur Abstützung des Sturzes genutzt werden. Unfall-psychologisch halten zwei Drittel der Verletzten den Unfall für vermeidbar und geben sich in guter Pferdesporttradition selbst die Schuld und nicht dem Pferd. Immerhin gibt etwa jeder 5. Reiter nach einem Unfall den Pferdesport auf.
Wie in anderen Sportarten auch, ist Ausbildung und Reitpraxis die beste Prävention. Noch immer vernachlässigt und untergeordnet ist der Ausgleichssport und das Aufwärmen vor Beginn des Trainings. Reiten und Voltigieren sind hoch koordinativ, aber nur gering Ausdauer-steigernd. Wer wöchentlich 5 bis 6 Stunden reitet, kann eine moderate cardio-pulmonale Leistungsverbesserung erzielen.
Be- und Überlastungen im Reitsport
Neben den Unfällen gibt es aber auch typische „Reiterkrankheiten“.
Die dreidimensionale Bewegung des Reiterrückens auf dem Pferd ist an sich für die Wirbelsäule sehr positiv. Die Muskel-relaxierende Wirkung wird zum Beispiel in der Hippotherapie beim therapeutischen Reiten sehr erfolgreich eingesetzt.
Wenn man jedoch als Profireiter täglich stundenlang auf verschiedenen Pferden sitzt, die auch in vielen Fällen reiterlich korrigiert werden müssen, treten häufig Rückenbeschwerden auf myodysfunktioneller und später auch auf degenerativer Grundlage auf.
Desweiteren kommt es gerade beim Springreiten häufig zu Muskel-Sehnenverletzungen im Bereich der Adduktoren und zu Beschwerden retropatellar wegen der Belastung der Kniegelenke in der Landephase nach einem Sprung. Immerhin können Bremsbeschleunigungen bei der Landung nach einem 1,5 Meter hohen Sprung von bis zu minus 4 G auftreten. Darüber hinaus führt Reiten zu keinen nennenswerten sportartspezifischen Übelastungsproblemen.
Fotos: Pixabay (9), privat (1)
DER AUTOR
Dr. med. Jan Holger Holtschmit arbeitet als Chefarzt der Abteilung Konservative Orthopädie am Marienkrankenhaus St. Wendel und Losheim am See. Er ist Präsident der Arbeitsgemeinschaft nicht-operativer orthopädischer manualmedizinischer Akutkliniken (ANOA) und Präsident des Deutschen Kuratoriums für Therapeutisches Reiten (DKThR).
Ich entschuldige mich aufrichtig für diesen Kommentar! Aber ich teste einige Software zum Ruhm unseres Landes und ihr positives Ergebnis wird dazu beitragen, die Beziehungen Deutschlands im globalen Internet zu stärken. Ich möchte mich noch einmal aufrichtig entschuldigen und liebe Grüße 🙂
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