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Gleitschirmfliegen aus sportmedizinischer Sicht

Gleitschirmfliegen aus sportmedizinischer Sicht

Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,

wer in diesen Wochen in bergigen Regionen Urlaub macht, gewöhnt sich schnell an das Bild: Scheinbar lautlos kreisen die Gleitschirmflieger am Himmel. Doch ist dieser Trend gefährlich? Wir betrachten das Thema in diesem Newsletter aus der Sicht der Sportmedizin. Die Veröffentlichung und Weiterverbreitung des Materials ist freigegeben.

Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Frank Wechsel und Dr. Wolfgang Schillings, GOTS-Pressesprecher

Gleitschirmfliegen aus sportmedizinischer Sicht

Seit 1987 ist das Gleitsegeln in Deutschland vom Bundesminister für Verkehr genehmigt. Heutige Gleitschirme sind elliptische Tragflächen von 20 bis 30 Quadratmetern, deren Kammern im Flug durch Staudruckluft gefüllt und versteift werden. Verbunden ist der Pilot mit dem Gleitschirm durch die von der Segelunterseite herablaufenden Fangleinen und das Gurtzeug.

Das Gleitschirmfliegen ist nicht nur ein Freizeitvergnügen, sondern auch ein Wettkampfsport.

Wettkämpfe und Regeln

1. Der Streckenflug
Beim Streckenflug beziehungsweise XC Contest wählen die Piloten im Verlaufe der Saison ihr Fluggebiet und ihren Startplatz selbstständig. Ziel ist es, eine möglichst große Strecke zu fliegen.

2. Zentrale Wettbewerbe
Bei zentralen Wettbewerben müssen die Piloten eine vom Veranstalter vorgegebene Strecke bewältigen. Der Pilot, der diese Strecke als Schnellster absolviert und als Erster das Ziel erreicht, gewinnt den Wettkampf.

3. Welt- und Europameisterschaften
Unter Führung des Weltluftverbandes wird jährlich eine Welt- beziehungsweise Europameisterschaft organisiert, an denen die verschiedenen Nationalmannschaften mit jeweils vier bis acht Piloten teilnehmen können.

4. Der Weltcup
Der Weltcup wird derzeit auf vier Kontinenten (Europa, Asien, Nord- und Südamerika) ausgetragen.

Anforderungs- und Belastungsprofil

Grundlegende Voraussetzung zum Gleitschirmfliegen ist die fundierte Ausbildung zum Piloten. Diese beinhaltet meteorologische Kenntnisse, Flugsicherheit, Flugtechnik, Gerätekunde sowie Aerodynamik. Die beim Fliegen resultierenden Belastungen für den Piloten werden durch die Kreislaufbelastung, die Zentrifugalkräfte und die Flughöhe verursacht. Die Kreislaufbelastung spiegelt sich vor allem in den erhöhten Katecholaminwerten mit Herzfrequenzen von bis zu 200 Schlägen pro Minute und hypertensiven Blutdruckwerten wider.

Die Zentrifugalkräfte während eines normalen Gleitschirmfluges führen nicht zu Belastungen über 1,5 G. Bei massiven Steilspiralen muss jedoch mit Belastungen bis zu 4 G gerechnet werden. Dies kann zu Schwindel und Ohnmacht führen. Die Ursachen für Schwindel und Synkopen liegen überwiegend im vestibulären System und in der cerebralen Sauerstoffunterversorgung aufgrund des herabgesetzten venösen Rückstroms.

Die dritte große Anforderung an den erfahrenen Streckenflugpiloten liegt in der Flughöhe, die schnelle Änderungen des Luftdrucks, vermehrte UV-Strahlung und Kälte hervorruft. Entscheidend ist hier ein ausreichendes Blutvolumen, um den erhöhten Flüssigkeitsverlust zu kompensieren. Sauerstoffmangel würde zu Hyperventilation, Schwindel, Euphorie und Schläfrigkeit führen. Durch die geringe Strahlenschwächung in den oberen Luftschichten sind ohne ausreichenden Lichtschutz Strahlenschäden unvermeidlich.

Akute und chronische Verletzungen

Wirbelsäulenverletzungen stellen die häufigste schwere Verletzung beim Gleitschirmfliegen dar. Der Sturz auf den Rücken kann zu Kompressions- oder Scherkräften an der Wirbelsäule führen. Die häufigsten Verletzungen betreffen beim Gleitschirmfliegen die unteren Extremitäten, darunter überwiegend Frakturen oder Bandverletzungen am Sprunggelenk sowie Unterschenkelfrakturen und Meniskus- oder Bandverletzungen am Kniegelenk. Verantwortlich für diese Art der Verletzungen sind in der Regel Stürze beim Start, Landungen in unebenem Gelände und Landungen auf den Füßen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit.

Durch die aufrechte Sitzposition und die angehobenen Arme treten Verletzungen der oberen Extremitäten seltener auf. Kopfverletzungen sind beim Gleitschirmfliegen aufgrund der Helmpflicht eine Ausnahme. Als weitere seltene Verletzungen sind Beckenfrakturen, Brustkorbverletzungen und Verletzungen innerer Organe zu erwähnen. Vereinzelt wurden Unfälle in Folge eines “Hängetraumas” beschrieben. Darunter versteht man einen Kreislaufzusammenbruch beim freien Hängen in einem Gurtzeug. Die Behinderung des Blutrückstroms aus den Beinen kann über einen zentralen Volumenmangel bis zum Kreislaufschock führen.

Die chronischen Schäden im Gleitschirmsport sind hauptsächlich durch die genannten Traumen und deren Folgeschäden charakterisiert. Des Weiteren kommen tendinöse Überlastungen im Bereich des Ellenbogens und der Schulter vor.

Verletzungsprofil

Eine Untersuchung der Unfallursachen beim Gleitschirmfliegen in Deutschland ergab, dass die Unfälle zu 93 Prozent auf Pilotenfehler zurückzuführen waren. Etwa 30 Prozent der Unfälle ereignen sich in den “Standardsituationen” Start, Landeeinteilung und Landung. Ein weiterer Unfallfaktor ist das Flugwetter. Bei 64 Prozent der verunglückten Piloten lagen Trainingsdefizite vor, 84 Prozent der Unfälle passierten bei einem Bodenabstand von unter 50 Metern.

Prophylaxeempfehlungen

Um eine Verminderung der Unfall- und Verletzungshäufigkeit im Gleitschirmsport zu erreichen, ist eine genaue Analyse der Unfallursachen erforderlich. Die Verschärfung der Lufttüchtigkeitsanforderungen für Gleitschirme der Klassen 1 und 1-2 ist eine Folge dieser Analysen. Die vermehrte Zuverlässigkeit der Schirme auch bei turbulenten Flugsituationen stellt vor allem für den großen Anteil an Gelegenheitspiloten einen wichtigen Sicherheitsfaktor dar. Ein weiterer Schritt war die Einführung von Sicherheits- und Performanceschulungen. Diese freiwilligen Fortbildungen ermöglichen das Erfahren von extremen Flugsituationen mit dem Ziel, notwendige Reaktionen zur Stabilisierung der Fluglage zu erlernen.

Ein regelmäßiges Bodentraining bei unterschiedlichen Windverhältnissen vermittelt zudem gefahrlos Reaktionen des Schirms auf Störungen und hilft dabei, ein Gefühl für die Re-Stabilisierung der Tragfläche zu bekommen.

Die Autoren:
Dr. med. Beatrice Retzlaff, Assistenzärztin der Herzchirurgie, Schönklinik Vogtareuth, Abteilung für Herzchirurgie, Krankenhausstr. 20, 83569 Vogtareuth, Verbandsärztin des Deutschen Hängegleiterverbandes, Betreuende Ärztin der Drachennationalmannschaft 2014

Dr. med. Eckhart Schröter, Facharzt für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Verbandsarzt des Deutschen Hängegleiterverbandes

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