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Gewichtheben aus sportmedizinischer Sicht

Gewichtheben aus sportmedizinischer Sicht

GOTS – Pressenewsletter 06.08.2012

Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,

seit Beginn der Olympischen Spiele der Neuzeit 1896 ist Gewichtheben kontinuierlich vertreten, seit 2000 ist auch das Frauengewichtheben olympisch. Im Superschwergewicht heute und morgen stellt der BVDG mit Matthias Steiner den Titelverteidiger. Im nachfolgenden Pressetext, der zur weiteren Verwendung freigegeben ist, beleuchten wir das Gewichtheben aus der Perspektive der Sportmedizin.

Mit freundlichen Grüßen,
Frank Wechsel und Dr. Wolfgang Schillings, GOTS-Pressesprecher

Gewichtheben aus sportmedizinischer Sicht

Seit Beginn der Olympischen Spiele der Neuzeit 1896 ist Gewichtheben kontinuierlich vertreten, seit 2000 ist auch das Frauengewichtheben olympisch. Zu den diesjährigen Olympischen Sommerspielen in London konnte sich der Bundesverband deutscher Gewichtheber für fünf Startplätze qualifizieren. Im Superschwergewicht stellt der BVDG mit Matthias Steiner den Titelverteidiger.

Bei einem Wettkampf im Gewichtheben gibt es zwei Disziplinen: Beim Reißen wird das Gewicht mit breitem Griff und in einem Zug – meist in Hocktechnik – zur Hochstrecke auf die durchgestreckten Arme gebracht. Beim Stoßen wird in etwa schulterbreit gefasst und das Gewicht zuerst mittels Hocktechnik auf die Brust und dann von dort nach kurzem Schwungholen durch Anbeugen der Knie durch Abstoßen senkrecht nach oben auf die durchgestreckten Arme gebracht. Jeder Heber hat drei Versuche pro Disziplin, innerhalb derer er seine Bestleistung erreichen muss. Bei Olympischen Spielen wird lediglich die Summe der beiden Disziplinen gewertet, der sogenannte olympische Zweikampf. Gehoben wir in unterschiedlichen Gewichtsklassen. Davon gibt es bei Männern acht und bei Frauen sieben.

Allgemeine sportmedizinische Aspekte
Gewichtheben fördert die Ausbildung eines guten Muskelkorsetts. Insbesondere werden durch das Training die Maximalkraft sowie die Beweglichkeit verbessert. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind das hohe Maß an Schnellkraft und Koordination.

Spezielle sportmedizinische Aspekte
Akute Verletzungen, insbesondere im Wettkampf, sind bei technisch versierten Athleten selten. Die Rate an Wettkampf-Verletzungen bei Europameisterschaften liegt seit 2007 bei durchschnittlich 3,2 Prozent, bei Weltmeisterschaften bei 3,3 Prozent (Daten EWF: Dr. D. Dörr; Daten IWF: Dr. B. Dörr). Dabei überwiegen Überlastungsbeschwerden. Typische Belastungsschwerpunkte mit entsprechendem Verletzungspotential im Gewichtheben sind:

Schulter
Die Rotatorenmanschettenläsion ist eine typische sportartspezifische Verletzung des Gewichthebers. Die lange Bizepssehne ist seltener betroffen, Überlastungen im AC-Gelenk gibt es im Gewichtheben praktisch nicht, da kein Bankdrücken trainiert wird.

Ellenbogen
Verletzungen des Ellenbogengelenks sind ebenfalls selten. Hervorgerufen werden sie durch eine Schleuderbewegung beim Beschleunigen des Gewichts oder dessen Verlagerung hinter die Körperachse mit Überlastung der Bandstrukturen, insbesondere medial. Im Wettkampf wurden vereinzelt Luxationen oder knöcherne Ausrisse beobachtet.

Handgelenke/Hohlhand
Beim Handgelenk sind die unterschiedlichen Griffhaltungen beim Reißen und Stoßen zu berücksichtigen, ferner die aufgerauten Griffflächen der Hantel sowie die zum Teil nicht unerhebliche Dorsalflexion. Konsekutiv können Überlastungsbeschwerden des Gelenkknorpels auftreten. Präventiv oder auch im therapeutischen Ansatz können im Training Riemen (Reck-Riemen ähnelnd) eingesetzt werden, sind jedoch im Wettkampf nicht erlaubt. Ein typisches Problem vor allem im Wettkampf stellen Risswunden der Hohlhand, zum Teil auch der Finger dar. Sie entstehen durch die zum Teil enormen Zug- und Scherkräfte im Zusammenspiel mit den rauen Griffflächen der Hantel.

Kniegelenk/Unterschenkel
Das Knie ist Hauptbelastungsschwerpunkt im Gewichtheben. Folgende Beschwerden sind häufiger zu beobachten: Retropatellare Chondropathien, oberes und unteres Patellaspitzen-Syndrom sowie Ansatz-Tendopathie der Tuberositas tibiae. In der Wettkampfbetreuung sieht man Abschürfungen an den Tibiavorderkanten durch Vorbeistreifen der Hantel beim Abheben. Akut, aber selten, sind hier Quadrizeps- und Patellarsehnenrupturen möglich, zumeist auf dem Boden chronischer, nicht ausgeheilter Überlastungsreaktionen und fortgesetztem Training unter hoher Last.

Hüfte
Verletzungen des Hüftgelenks selbst werden nicht beobachtet, häufiger kommen Ansatzreizungen des Trochanter majors (großer Rollhügel) vor.

Rücken
Aufgrund einer eingehenden Technikschulung sowie der guten muskulären Ausprägung, insbesondere der paravertebralen Anteile, besteht ein guter Schutz der Wirbelsäule, die so auch kurzfristig hohe axiale Belastungen gut toleriert. Dementsprechend ist die Inzidenz an Verletzungen gering. Diese imponieren als paravertebrale Myogleosen, Insertionstendopathien der langen Rückenstrecker oder Überlastungsreaktionen der Wirbelgelenke. Gelegentlich kommen Blockaden von Brustwirbelsäule und Kreuzdarmbeingelenk vor, selten, insbesondere bei schlechter Technik, auch Bandscheibenbeschwerden.

Über den Autor: Dr. med. Dominik Dörr ist niedergelassener Internist in Luxemburg mit den Zusatzbezeichnungen Sport- und Notfallmedizin. Seit 2002 primär im Juniorenbereich tätig, übernahm er 2009 den Posten des Verbandsarztes von seinem Vater Dr. Bernd Dörr (Sportarzt des Jahres 2006). Seit 2003 ist Dr. Dominik Dörr Mitglied der Medizinischen Kommission des Europäischen Gewichtheberverbandes (EWF) und regelmäßig als „Doctor-on-Duty“ bei internationalen Meisterschaften eingesetzt. Dörr ist seit 2008 GOTS-Mitglied.

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